This will be my first article as a ‘research pick’. I’ll try and somewhat regularly write brief articles on new studies published in the literature or discuss certain topics I see floating around on social media.
For this first research pick I’ll discuss the drug metformin as I’ve seen this floating around on Facebook over and over and over and over and over again.
Metformin is a drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It decreases glucose production by the liver and increases insulin sensitivity to some extent. Now, I read in some posts on Facebook that it might inhibit your gains. Let’s put up front, if you’re diabetic, you shouldn’t stop using this even if it did inhibit your gains. But the main people who worry about this, are the ones with PCOS (without insulin insensitivity) who don’t really have to take it and a group of bodybuilders (again, without insulin insensitivity) who for some reason have an obsession with this stuff.
So where does the notion come from that metformin will hinder your gains? Well, it turns out that metformin activates a protein complex named AMP-activated protein kinase, or abbreviated, AMPK. In turn, AMPK is a negative regulator of a protein complex named the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Bear with me, because here comes the punch line. mTORC1 is heavily involved in regulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis and thus muscle hypertrophy. I’ve published a review on mTORC1 a few years ago in JISSN (open access) which can be read here: Regulation of mTORC1 by growth factors, energy status, amino acids and mechanical stimuli at a glance (I also briefly touch on the interaction between AMPK and mTORC1 in this paper).
Because AMPK is a negative regulator of mTORC1, it is somewhat fair to assume that that’s a really bad thing for your gains. However, this is an oversimplified picture. For starters, AMPK isn’t just a single protein complex. It’s actually a family (technically speaking ‘family’ might be the wrong word here) of protein complexes. You see, AMPK is made out of three parts, also called subunits. An α subunit, a β subunit, and a γ subunit. Each of these subunits is a protein, and each of them comes in various shapes and sizes sort to say (isoforms). There are two types of the α subunit, two types of the β subunit and three types of the γ subunit. Now if you try to make as much combinations as possible with these subunits to form different kinds of AMPK, you can generate 2 times 2 times 3 unique AMPKs (12 in total). In practice, only three out of these twelve possible combinations have been found in human skeletal muscle. Namely, α1/β2/γ1, α2/β2/γ1 and α2/β2/γ3.
Why am I telling you this? Because these three different AMPKs have different effects on the muscle cells. Only the α1-containing AMPK appears to attenuate muscle growth, whereas the other two containing the α2 subunit appear not to do so [1]. As such, it is important to know which of these three AMPKs get activated by metformin or not. Ideally, I would bring you a paper which has examined this in the skeletal muscle of healthy adults. Unfortunately, I cannot find such a study. However, I’ve found something quite close to it, a study which examined this in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes [2]. Not ideal, but a whole lot better than a rodent, drosophila or in vitro study.
In said study, they gave the patients a therapeutic dose of metformin for 10 weeks and took muscle biopsies pre-treatment and 4 and 10 weeks later to check both α1-containing AMPK and α2-containing AMPK activity. What they found was an increase in α2-containing AMPK activity, but not α1-containing AMPK activity. Which is great news for your gains, since as said before, only the α1-containing AMPK appears to attenuate muscle growth. Hurray.
That said, I want to comment a bit further on this whole thing. For one, the above study was in type 2 diabetics. This might not apply to non-type-2-diabetics. Furthermore, I’m assuming here that the α2-containing AMPK does not attenuate muscle growth. Although I base this on quite some research as described in reference number 1, this might still not be entirely true. Moreover, there might be some other way, outside of AMPK, how metformin might influence muscle hypertrophy, either positively or negatively. The thing is, to draw any definitive conclusions you’d need a study examining exactly that. Which does not exist as of this writing (in healthy individuals) and which I do not expect to be published ever anyways, since it’s not really interesting to investigate for research purposes. Finally, it’s also notoriously dangerous to draw clinical conclusions by isolating pathways like this. There are a great many things which influence the ultimate effects of molecules on cells.
Concluding, however, there simply does not appear to be an indication for metformin inhibiting your gains, but definitive studies are lacking. (And there are also definitive studies lacking whether or not an apple a day will influence your gains, so that isn’t really an argument against this anyways). So happily keep consuming your metformin people.
References
- Mounier, Rémi, et al. “Antagonistic control of muscle cell size by AMPK and mTORC1.” Cell Cycle 10.16 (2011): 2640-2646.
- Musi, Nicolas, et al. “Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes 51.7 (2002): 2074-2081.
First of all thank you. Do you have an insight on statins effect on hypertrophy
Thank you!!! Was looking for some info and this is the closest i could find!
What a great article, was worried about this…so much misinformation floating around the web.
Muscle strength loss across the board with 1700 mg metformin a day compared to placebo in those over 65 unfortunately https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/2/suppl_1/544/5169519
Thank you Joojoo. The study wasn’t published yet when I wrote this article. I’ll update this article soon with these findings when I find some time and when the study is fully published (currently only the abstract is available as part of a symposium).
Hi Peter, have you changed your opinion with the recent study on muscle gain with elderly population? Great work by the way.
Hi Ali, I’m currently still waiting on publication of the paper (I assume you’re refering to the trial by Peterson et al.). But the abstract does suggest that metformin could attenuate the hypertrophy response to resistance training in the elderly. Very interested in reading it when it’s out.
Thanks for the quick reply Peter. Will be eagerly awaiting your full response once the full publication is out. Great site, keep up the good work 🙂
In response to Joojoo, there was no loss in strength with metformin in the trial of seniors aged 65+. Rather, metformin inhibited gains in muscle mass with progressive resistance training.
Thanks for the clarification Rosie, wonder what was used to measure changes in lean body mass.
Hello Peter, I (47 years old) am a (pre) diabetes patient taking metformin for about 18 months, and have been gaining muscle mass without any extensive exercise. My doctor doesn’t have an explanation for this so googling around I found your website as well as this:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405504/
I may just be a freak case but I clearly have more muscle volume and strength, mileage may vary for other people.
For completeness, I have to remark that I also started CPAP treatment for my sleep apnea around the same time so that may very well be a contributing factor. I am endomorph type but with a decent amount of muscle mass due to exercising in the fitness regularily around my 20-30’s
Hi Peter, any updates to you opinion on Metformin use? Do you think it will have a negative impact on muscle hypertrophy?
Hi peter any updates about metformin and muscle hipertrophy ?